The lac Operon in E. coli
The lac operon in Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a well-known example of an inducible operon. Operons are functional units of DNA that consist of […]
Biochemistry
Triacylglycerols
Triacylglycerols (TAGs), commonly known as triglycerides, are a fundamental type of lipid molecule found abundantly in living organisms. Comprising three fatty acid chains esterified to […]
Cytosolic and Cell Surface Glycans in Eukaryotic Physiology and Disease
Glycans are one of the most versatile and dynamic classes of biomolecules in eukaryotic cells, serving as essential modulators of protein function, signaling pathways, and […]
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis (CME)
Of the countless processes that sustain the intricate ballet of life within a eukaryotic cell, few are as fundamental, elegant, and meticulously choreographed as clathrin-mediated […]
Death Receptor Signaling
The Death Receptor Signaling pathway is a fundamental mechanism in cellular biology, governing programmed cell death or apoptosis. This pathway is pivotal for regulating tissue […]
Addison’s Disease: Clinical Presentation, Pathophysiology, and Management
Addison’s disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare but clinically significant endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate production of corticosteroids due to destruction […]
What is Behenic Acid?
Behenic acid is a long-chain fatty acid that belongs to the group of saturated fatty acids. With the chemical formula C22H44O2, it is classified as […]
Universal Stress Proteins
Universal Stress Proteins (USPs) represent a fascinating and evolutionarily conserved group of proteins found across a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to humans. These […]
Fibrinogen And Fibrin
Fibrinogen (Fib) and fibrin are key components of the blood clotting process, forming a critical part of the hemostatic system. They play crucial roles in […]
Introduction to Peptidomics
Peptidomics is the large-scale study of endogenous peptides within biological systems. This field focuses on identifying, characterizing, and quantifying peptides (typically 2–50 amino acids long) […]
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Its Role in Molecular Biology
Gene expression in eukaryotic cells is governed not only by the DNA sequence itself but also by how that DNA is packaged within chromatin. Understanding […]
Tertiary Structure in Proteins-The Architecture, Determinants, and Functional Implications
Proteins are the workhorses of living systems, carrying out an astonishing array of biological functions, including catalysis, transport, signal transduction, structural support, and regulation of […]
Molecular Docking Analysis
Molecular docking analysis is a computational technique used to predict the preferred orientation of one molecule (typically a small molecule or ligand) when it binds […]
Reverse Transcription or How to Make cDNA
Reverse transcription is a biological process that converts RNA into DNA, specifically complementary DNA (cDNA). This process is catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which […]
The Notch Signalling Pathway
The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved intercellular signaling pathway that plays a critical role in various cellular processes during development, tissue homeostasis, and […]
Alpha-lactalbumin
Alpha-lactalbumin (α-LA) is a predominant whey protein found in mammalian milk, particularly in human milk and to a lesser extent in the milk of other […]
Flow Cytometry – Basic Principles, Applications, and Technological Advances
Flow cytometry plays a crucial role in the biotechnology industry across various applications, including research, drug discovery, diagnostics, and bioprocessing. Flow cytometry (FCM) is an […]
Signaling Pathways of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production
The immune system plays a crucial role in defending the body against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) […]