The Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial process in cellular respiration that occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane (in eukaryotes) or the plasma membrane […]
Biochemistry
Sex Determination in Genetics
Sex determination refers to the process by which an individual’s biological sex, either male or female, is determined. The mechanisms of sex determination can vary […]
Independent Assortment in Genetics
The law of independent assortment, proposed by Gregor Mendel, describes how different genes segregate and assort independently during the formation of gametes (sperm and eggs). […]
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are critical messengers in all sorts of reactions. They are part of a group called the eicosanoids and include prostacyclins (PGI), the thromboxanes (TXA), […]
![DNA. Nucleic acid purification. Okazaki fragments. PCR (digital PCR [dPCR], multiplex digital PCR, qPCR), DNA Repair](https://foodwrite.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/dna-geralt-pixaby-03539309_640-326x245.jpg)
The Science of DNA Repair
DNA repair is a crucial process that corrects damaged or erroneous DNA sequences to maintain the integrity of the genetic material. There are several mechanisms […]
DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
The replication of DNA in eukaryotic cells is a highly coordinated process that ensures accurate duplication of the genetic material during cell division. It involves […]
Reverse Translation
Reverse translation, also known as de novo gene synthesis or in silico gene design, is a laboratory technique used to generate DNA sequences based on […]
The Role of Alleles in Genetics
In genetics, alleles play a crucial role in determining the characteristics and traits of an organism. An allele refers to one of the alternative forms […]
The Function of ATP Synthase
The function of ATP synthesis by ATP synthase is to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of cells. ATP synthase is an enzyme […]
The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
The chemiosmotic hypothesis, proposed by Peter Mitchell in 1961, is a fundamental concept in bioenergetics that explains the mechanism of ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation. […]
Retroviruses
Retroviruses are a unique group of RNA viruses that possess the ability to convert their RNA genome into DNA and integrate it into the host […]
Lytic Replication
Lytic replication, also known as the lytic cycle, is a viral replication cycle observed in bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) and some animal viruses. Unlike […]
Lysogenic Replication/Lysogenic Cycle
Lysogenic replication, also known as the lysogenic cycle or lysogeny, is a type of viral replication cycle observed in certain temperate bacteriophages, which are viruses […]
The Difference between Antigenic Drifts and Antigenic Shift
Antigenic drift and antigenic shift are two distinct processes that describe the changes in viral antigens, particularly those found on the surface of influenza viruses. […]
Donnan Equilibrium And Donnan Exclusion Mechanisms
The Donnan equilibrium is a property of biological membranes but is also a characteristic of semi-permeable membranes used in the food industry. The situation where […]
What are Fibroblasts?
Human fibroblasts are a type of connective tissue cell that plays a vital role in the maintenance and repair of various tissues in the human […]
The Various Types of Collagen
Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in various tissues of the body. It is the most […]
Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages, often referred to as phages, are viruses that specifically infect and replicate within bacteria. The term “bacteriophage” originates from the Greek words “bakterion,” meaning […]