Gastritis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the stomach lining (gastric mucosa). It can occur suddenly (acute gastritis) or develop gradually over time (chronic gastritis). The inflammation can be mild or severe and may lead to ulcers or increase the risk of stomach cancer in some cases..
If gastritis persists and becomes longer-term than it can lead to development of intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and gastric atrophy. This can ultimately lead to stomach and gastric cancers.
Symptoms of Gastritis
Symptoms can vary depending on the severity and cause but may include:
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Upper abdominal pain or discomfort (burning or gnawing feeling)
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Nausea or vomiting
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Bloating
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Loss of appetite
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Belching
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Indigestion
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In severe cases, vomiting blood or having black, tarry stools (indicative of gastrointestinal bleeding)
Some individuals, especially those with chronic gastritis, may have no noticeable symptoms.
Causes of Gastritis
Gastritis can result from a variety of factors, including:
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Infection
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common infectious cause.
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Viral, fungal, or parasitic infections (less common, usually in immunocompromised individuals).
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Medications
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and aspirin.
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Corticosteroids (less commonly).
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Alcohol and Irritants
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Excessive alcohol intake.
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Smoking and consumption of spicy or acidic foods in some individuals.
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Autoimmune Disorders
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Autoimmune gastritis, where the body attacks the stomach lining, often associated with pernicious anemia.
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Stress
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Physical stress (e.g., surgery, injury, severe illness) can trigger stress-induced gastritis.
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Bile Reflux
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Backflow of bile into the stomach from the small intestine.
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Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves:
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Medical history and physical exam
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Endoscopy: Allows direct visualization of the stomach lining and biopsy if necessary.
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H. pylori testing: Via breath test, stool antigen test, or biopsy.
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Blood tests: To check for anemia or autoimmune markers.
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Stool tests: To detect bleeding or infection.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the underlying cause:
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Eradicating H. pylori:
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A combination of antibiotics (e.g., clarithromycin, amoxicillin, or metronidazole) and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for acid suppression.
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Reducing Stomach Acid:
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PPIs (e.g., omeprazole, lansoprazole)
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H2 receptor blockers (e.g., ranitidine, famotidine)
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Antacids for symptom relief
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Avoiding Irritants:
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Discontinuing NSAIDs or alcohol
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Dietary changes if certain foods trigger symptoms
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Autoimmune Gastritis:
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Vitamin B12 supplementation (if deficient)
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Monitoring for complications such as gastric cancer
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Complications
If left untreated, gastritis can lead to:
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Peptic ulcers
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Stomach bleeding
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Chronic gastritis and atrophic gastritis
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Increased risk of stomach cancer (especially with chronic H. pylori infection or autoimmune gastritis)
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Pernicious anemia (due to vitamin B12 deficiency)
Prevention and Lifestyle Tips
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Avoid excessive NSAID use; use alternatives when possible.
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Limit alcohol and tobacco use.
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Eat a balanced diet and avoid known irritants.
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Manage stress through relaxation techniques or therapy.
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Get tested and treated for H. pylori if symptoms persist or there is a family history of stomach problems.
Conclusion
Gastritis is a common gastrointestinal condition with various causes and presentations. While often mild and treatable, it can lead to serious complications if ignored. Early diagnosis and appropriate management, including lifestyle modifications and medical therapy, can effectively control symptoms and prevent long-term damage.
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